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Home / The Data Couldnã¢â‚¬â„¢t Be Read Because It Isnã¢â‚¬â„¢t in the Correct Format

The Data Couldnã¢â‚¬â„¢t Be Read Because It Isnã¢â‚¬â„¢t in the Correct Format

Garbled text as a consequence of incorrect character encoding

Mojibake ( 文字化け ; IPA: [mod͡ʑibake]) is the garbled text that is the result of text being decoded using an unintended character encoding.[i] The issue is a systematic replacement of symbols with completely unrelated ones, frequently from a dissimilar writing system.

This brandish may include the generic replacement character ("�") in places where the binary representation is considered invalid. A replacement can also involve multiple consecutive symbols, as viewed in one encoding, when the same binary lawmaking constitutes one symbol in the other encoding. This is either because of differing constant length encoding (as in Asian 16-bit encodings vs European 8-bit encodings), or the apply of variable length encodings (notably UTF-eight and UTF-16).

Failed rendering of glyphs due to either missing fonts or missing glyphs in a font is a different issue that is not to be confused with mojibake. Symptoms of this failed rendering include blocks with the code point displayed in hexadecimal or using the generic replacement character. Importantly, these replacements are valid and are the consequence of correct error handling by the software.

Etymology [edit]

Mojibake means "grapheme transformation" in Japanese. The discussion is composed of 文字 (moji, IPA: [mod͡ʑi]), "graphic symbol" and 化け (bake, IPA: [bäke̞], pronounced "bah-keh"), "transform".

Causes [edit]

To correctly reproduce the original text that was encoded, the correspondence between the encoded data and the notion of its encoding must be preserved. As mojibake is the instance of non-compliance between these, it can exist achieved by manipulating the data itself, or only relabeling it.

Mojibake is frequently seen with text data that have been tagged with a incorrect encoding; it may not even be tagged at all, just moved betwixt computers with unlike default encodings. A major source of problem are communication protocols that rely on settings on each computer rather than sending or storing metadata together with the data.

The differing default settings between computers are in part due to differing deployments of Unicode amid operating organization families, and partly the legacy encodings' specializations for dissimilar writing systems of homo languages. Whereas Linux distributions mostly switched to UTF-8 in 2004,[2] Microsoft Windows generally uses UTF-16, and sometimes uses viii-scrap code pages for text files in different languages.[ dubious – discuss ]

For some writing systems, an example beingness Japanese, several encodings have historically been employed, causing users to see mojibake relatively often. As a Japanese example, the give-and-take mojibake "文字化け" stored as EUC-JP might be incorrectly displayed as "ﾊｸｻ�ｽ､ｱ", "ﾊｸｻ嵂ｽ､ｱ" (MS-932), or "ﾊｸｻ郾ｽ､ｱ" (Shift JIS-2004). The same text stored equally UTF-8 is displayed as "譁�蟄怜喧縺�" if interpreted every bit Shift JIS. This is farther exacerbated if other locales are involved: the same UTF-viii text appears equally "文字化ã'" in software that assumes text to be in the Windows-1252 or ISO-8859-1 encodings, usually labelled Western, or (for example) equally "鏂囧瓧鍖栥亼" if interpreted as being in a GBK (Communist china) locale.

Mojibake example
Original text 文 字 化 け
Raw bytes of EUC-JP encoding CA B8 BB FA B2 BD A4 B1
Bytes interpreted as Shift-JIS encoding ﾊ ｸ ｻ 郾 ｽ ､ ｱ
Bytes interpreted equally ISO-8859-ane encoding Ê ¸ » ú ² ½ ¤ ±
Bytes interpreted as GBK encoding 矢 机 步 け

Underspecification [edit]

If the encoding is not specified, it is upwardly to the software to decide information technology by other means. Depending on the blazon of software, the typical solution is either configuration or charset detection heuristics. Both are decumbent to mis-prediction in not-then-uncommon scenarios.

The encoding of text files is affected by locale setting, which depends on the user's language, brand of operating organization and possibly other conditions. Therefore, the assumed encoding is systematically wrong for files that come up from a calculator with a different setting, or even from a differently localized software inside the same system. For Unicode, one solution is to use a byte gild mark, merely for source lawmaking and other machine readable text, many parsers don't tolerate this. Another is storing the encoding equally metadata in the file organization. File systems that support extended file attributes can store this as user.charset.[three] This besides requires support in software that wants to have advantage of it, only does not disturb other software.

While a few encodings are easy to notice, in particular UTF-eight, in that location are many that are hard to distinguish (see charset detection). A web browser may not be able to distinguish a page coded in EUC-JP and another in Shift-JIS if the coding scheme is not assigned explicitly using HTTP headers sent forth with the documents, or using the HTML document's meta tags that are used to substitute for missing HTTP headers if the server cannot be configured to send the proper HTTP headers; see character encodings in HTML.

Mis-specification [edit]

Mojibake also occurs when the encoding is wrongly specified. This often happens between encodings that are similar. For instance, the Eudora email client for Windows was known to send emails labelled as ISO-8859-1 that were in reality Windows-1252.[4] The Mac Bone version of Eudora did not exhibit this behaviour. Windows-1252 contains extra printable characters in the C1 range (the near oftentimes seen beingness curved quotation marks and actress dashes), that were not displayed properly in software complying with the ISO standard; this especially affected software running nether other operating systems such as Unix.

Human being ignorance [edit]

Of the encodings still in use, many are partially compatible with each other, with ASCII equally the predominant common subset. This sets the phase for homo ignorance:

  • Compatibility can be a deceptive holding, as the common subset of characters is unaffected by a mixup of two encodings (run across Bug in different writing systems).
  • People think they are using ASCII, and tend to label whatever superset of ASCII they actually use as "ASCII". Maybe for simplification, but even in academic literature, the give-and-take "ASCII" tin can be found used as an example of something non compatible with Unicode, where evidently "ASCII" is Windows-1252 and "Unicode" is UTF-8.[one] Notation that UTF-8 is backwards compatible with ASCII.

Overspecification [edit]

When there are layers of protocols, each trying to specify the encoding based on dissimilar information, the least certain information may be misleading to the recipient. For example, consider a spider web server serving a static HTML file over HTTP. The character set may exist communicated to the client in any number of 3 ways:

  • in the HTTP header. This information can exist based on server configuration (for instance, when serving a file off disk) or controlled by the application running on the server (for dynamic websites).
  • in the file, every bit an HTML meta tag (http-equiv or charset) or the encoding attribute of an XML declaration. This is the encoding that the author meant to salvage the particular file in.
  • in the file, every bit a byte guild marker. This is the encoding that the author's editor actually saved information technology in. Unless an accidental encoding conversion has happened (by opening it in one encoding and saving it in another), this will be correct. It is, however, just available in Unicode encodings such equally UTF-8 or UTF-16.

Lack of hardware or software back up [edit]

Much older hardware is typically designed to support only one character set and the graphic symbol set typically cannot be altered. The grapheme tabular array independent inside the brandish firmware will be localized to have characters for the country the device is to exist sold in, and typically the table differs from country to state. As such, these systems will potentially brandish mojibake when loading text generated on a system from a dissimilar country. Likewise, many early operating systems practise not support multiple encoding formats and thus will end upwards displaying mojibake if made to display non-standard text—early versions of Microsoft Windows and Palm Bone for case, are localized on a per-state basis and volition only back up encoding standards relevant to the country the localized version will exist sold in, and volition display mojibake if a file containing a text in a different encoding format from the version that the Os is designed to support is opened.

Resolutions [edit]

Applications using UTF-8 as a default encoding may achieve a greater degree of interoperability because of its widespread use and backward compatibility with US-ASCII. UTF-viii as well has the ability to be straight recognised past a simple algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 up with other encodings.

The difficulty of resolving an case of mojibake varies depending on the application within which information technology occurs and the causes of information technology. Two of the most common applications in which mojibake may occur are web browsers and word processors. Modernistic browsers and word processors often back up a broad assortment of grapheme encodings. Browsers often let a user to change their rendering engine'southward encoding setting on the fly, while give-and-take processors allow the user to select the advisable encoding when opening a file. It may accept some trial and error for users to find the correct encoding.

The trouble gets more complicated when it occurs in an application that normally does not support a wide range of character encoding, such as in a non-Unicode computer game. In this case, the user must change the operating organization's encoding settings to match that of the game. All the same, changing the system-wide encoding settings can also cause Mojibake in pre-existing applications. In Windows XP or later on, a user also has the pick to use Microsoft AppLocale, an application that allows the changing of per-application locale settings. Even then, changing the operating system encoding settings is non possible on before operating systems such as Windows 98; to resolve this upshot on earlier operating systems, a user would have to use third party font rendering applications.

Problems in different writing systems [edit]

English language [edit]

Mojibake in English texts by and large occurs in punctuation, such as em dashes (—), en dashes (–), and curly quotes (",",','), merely rarely in character text, since most encodings agree with ASCII on the encoding of the English alphabet. For instance, the pound sign "£" volition appear as "£" if information technology was encoded by the sender as UTF-eight just interpreted by the recipient every bit CP1252 or ISO 8859-1. If iterated using CP1252, this can lead to "£", "£", "ÃÆ'‚£", etc.

Some computers did, in older eras, accept vendor-specific encodings which caused mismatch besides for English language text. Commodore brand 8-fleck computers used PETSCII encoding, particularly notable for inverting the upper and lower case compared to standard ASCII. PETSCII printers worked fine on other computers of the era, just flipped the case of all letters. IBM mainframes use the EBCDIC encoding which does not lucifer ASCII at all.

Other Western European languages [edit]

The alphabets of the Northward Germanic languages, Catalan, Finnish, High german, French, Portuguese and Castilian are all extensions of the Latin alphabet. The boosted characters are typically the ones that become corrupted, making texts merely mildly unreadable with mojibake:

  • å, ä, ö in Finnish and Swedish
  • à, ç, è, é, ï, í, ò, ó, ú, ü in Catalan
  • æ, ø, å in Norwegian and Danish
  • á, é, ó, ij, è, ë, ï in Dutch
  • ä, ö, ü, and ß in German language
  • á, ð, í, ó, ú, ý, æ, ø in Faroese
  • á, ð, é, í, ó, ú, ý, þ, æ, ö in Icelandic
  • à, â, ç, è, é, ë, ê, ï, î, ô, ù, û, ü, ÿ, æ, œ in French
  • à, è, é, ì, ò, ù in Italian
  • á, é, í, ñ, ó, ú, ü, ¡, ¿ in Spanish
  • à, á, â, ã, ç, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú in Portuguese (ü no longer used)
  • á, é, í, ó, ú in Irish gaelic
  • à, è, ì, ò, ù in Scottish Gaelic
  • £ in British English

… and their uppercase counterparts, if applicative.

These are languages for which the ISO-8859-1 character set (likewise known as Latin one or Western) has been in use. However, ISO-8859-1 has been obsoleted by two competing standards, the backward compatible Windows-1252, and the slightly contradistinct ISO-8859-fifteen. Both add the Euro sign € and the French œ, but otherwise whatever confusion of these three character sets does not create mojibake in these languages. Furthermore, it is ever safe to interpret ISO-8859-one equally Windows-1252, and adequately safe to interpret it as ISO-8859-15, in particular with respect to the Euro sign, which replaces the rarely used currency sign (¤). However, with the appearance of UTF-8, mojibake has get more common in certain scenarios, due east.g. exchange of text files betwixt UNIX and Windows computers, due to UTF-8'southward incompatibility with Latin-1 and Windows-1252. But UTF-viii has the ability to be directly recognised past a elementary algorithm, so that well written software should be able to avoid mixing UTF-8 upwardly with other encodings, so this was most common when many had software not supporting UTF-8. Most of these languages were supported past MS-DOS default CP437 and other machine default encodings, except ASCII, so problems when buying an operating system version were less common. Windows and MS-DOS are not compatible however.

In Swedish, Norwegian, Danish and High german, vowels are rarely repeated, and it is usually obvious when one character gets corrupted, e.yard. the 2nd letter in "kÃ⁠¤rlek" ( kärlek , "love"). This style, fifty-fifty though the reader has to guess between å, ä and ö, well-nigh all texts remain legible. Finnish text, on the other hand, does feature repeating vowels in words like hääyö ("wedding nighttime") which can sometimes render text very hard to read (e.g. hääyö appears as "hÃ⁠¤Ã⁠¤yÃ⁠¶"). Icelandic and Faroese have ten and 8 possibly misreckoning characters, respectively, which thus can make it more difficult to guess corrupted characters; Icelandic words like þjóðlöð ("outstanding hospitality") become almost entirely unintelligible when rendered as "þjóðlöð".

In German language, Buchstabensalat ("letter salad") is a mutual term for this phenomenon, and in Spanish, deformación (literally deformation).

Some users transliterate their writing when using a figurer, either by omitting the problematic diacritics, or by using digraph replacements (å → aa, ä/æ → ae, ö/ø → oe, ü → ue etc.). Thus, an author might write "ueber" instead of "über", which is standard practice in High german when umlauts are non bachelor. The latter practice seems to be improve tolerated in the German language sphere than in the Nordic countries. For example, in Norwegian, digraphs are associated with archaic Danish, and may be used jokingly. Still, digraphs are useful in communication with other parts of the world. As an example, the Norwegian football actor Ole Gunnar Solskjær had his name spelled "SOLSKJAER" on his back when he played for Manchester United.

An artifact of UTF-8 misinterpreted equally ISO-8859-one, "Ring one thousand thousand nÃ¥" (" Ring meg nå "), was seen in an SMS scam raging in Norway in June 2014.[5]

Examples
Swedish instance: Smörgås (open sandwich)
File encoding Setting in browser Result
MS-DOS 437 ISO 8859-1 Sm"rg†s
ISO 8859-1 Mac Roman SmˆrgÂs
UTF-8 ISO 8859-1 Smörgås
UTF-8 Mac Roman Smörgåsouth

Primal and Eastern European [edit]

Users of Fundamental and Eastern European languages can as well be afflicted. Because most computers were not connected to any network during the mid- to late-1980s, there were different character encodings for every language with diacritical characters (encounter ISO/IEC 8859 and KOI-8), often also varying by operating arrangement.

Hungarian [edit]

Hungarian is another affected language, which uses the 26 basic English language characters, plus the accented forms á, é, í, ó, ú, ö, ü (all nowadays in the Latin-one character set), plus the two characters ő and ű, which are not in Latin-i. These 2 characters can be correctly encoded in Latin-2, Windows-1250 and Unicode. Before Unicode became mutual in email clients, e-mails containing Hungarian text often had the messages ő and ű corrupted, sometimes to the bespeak of unrecognizability. It is common to respond to an east-mail rendered unreadable (see examples below) past character mangling (referred to every bit "betűszemét", significant "letter garbage") with the phrase "Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép", a nonsense phrase (literally "Flood-resistant mirror-drilling car") containing all accented characters used in Hungarian.

Examples [edit]
Source encoding Target encoding Result Occurrence
Hungarian case ÁRVÍZTŰRŐ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP
árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép 		Characters in blood-red are incorrect and do not match the top-left example.
CP 852 CP 437 ╡RV╓ZTδRè TÜKÖRFΘRαGÉP
árvízt√rï tükörfúrógép 		This was very common in DOS-era when the text was encoded by the Primal European CP 852 encoding; however, the operating system, a software or printer used the default CP 437 encoding. Please annotation that minor-case letters are mainly correct, exception with ő (ï) and ű (√). Ü/ü is correct because CP 852 was made compatible with German. Nowadays occurs mainly on printed prescriptions and cheques.
CWI-two CP 437 ÅRVìZTÿRº TÜKÖRFùRòGÉP
árvíztûrô tükörfúrógép 		The CWI-ii encoding was designed so that the text remains fairly well-readable fifty-fifty if the display or printer uses the default CP 437 encoding. This encoding was heavily used in the 1980s and early 1990s, but present it is completely deprecated.
Windows-1250 Windows-1252 ÁRVÍZTÛRÕ TÜKÖRFÚRÓGÉP
árvíztûrõ tükörfúrógép 		The default Western Windows encoding is used instead of the Cardinal-European i. Only ő-Ő (õ-Õ) and ű-Ű (û-Û) are wrong, but the text is completely readable. This is the most common error nowadays; due to ignorance, it occurs oft on webpages or even in printed media.
CP 852 Windows-1250 µRVÖZTëRŠ TšOne thousand™RFéRŕG P
rvˇztűr‹ t grand"rfŁr˘g‚p 		Cardinal European Windows encoding is used instead of DOS encoding. The utilise of ű is correct.
Windows-1250 CP 852 ┴RV═ZT█RŇ T▄KÍRF┌RËOne thousand╔P
ßrvÝztűr§ tŘ1000÷rf˙rˇ1000Úp 		Key European DOS encoding is used instead of Windows encoding. The use of ű is correct.
Quoted-printable 7-bit ASCII =C1RV=CDZT=DBR=D5 T=DCK=D6RF=DAR=D3K=C9P
=E1rv=EDzt=FBr=F5 t=FCk=F6rf=FAr=F3g=E9p 		Mainly caused past wrongly configured mail servers but may occur in SMS messages on some cell-phones as well.
UTF-viii Windows-1252 ÁRVÍZTÅ°RŐ TÃœKÖRFÚRÃ"GÉP
árvÃztűrÅ' tümörfúrókép 		Mainly acquired by wrongly configured web services or webmail clients, which were not tested for international usage (as the problem remains curtained for English language texts). In this case the bodily (ofttimes generated) content is in UTF-8; however, it is not configured in the HTML headers, so the rendering engine displays it with the default Western encoding.

Polish [edit]

Prior to the cosmos of ISO 8859-2 in 1987, users of various computing platforms used their ain grapheme encodings such as AmigaPL on Amiga, Atari Gild on Atari ST and Masovia, IBM CP852, Mazovia and Windows CP1250 on IBM PCs. Polish companies selling early DOS computers created their ain mutually-incompatible ways to encode Polish characters and simply reprogrammed the EPROMs of the video cards (typically CGA, EGA, or Hercules) to provide hardware code pages with the needed glyphs for Polish—arbitrarily located without reference to where other computer sellers had placed them.

The state of affairs began to amend when, later on pressure from academic and user groups, ISO 8859-2 succeeded every bit the "Internet standard" with limited support of the dominant vendors' software (today largely replaced past Unicode). With the numerous problems caused by the variety of encodings, even today some users tend to refer to Smooth diacritical characters as krzaczki ([kshach-kih], lit. "little shrubs").

Russian and other Cyrillic alphabets [edit]

Mojibake may be colloquially chosen krakozyabry ( кракозя́бры [krɐkɐˈzʲæbrɪ̈]) in Russian, which was and remains complicated by several systems for encoding Cyrillic.[6] The Soviet Union and early on Russian Federation developed KOI encodings ( Kod Obmena Informatsiey , Код Обмена Информацией , which translates to "Lawmaking for Information Exchange"). This began with Cyrillic-only 7-bit KOI7, based on ASCII just with Latin and some other characters replaced with Cyrillic letters. Then came 8-bit KOI8 encoding that is an ASCII extension which encodes Cyrillic letters only with high-bit prepare octets corresponding to 7-flake codes from KOI7. It is for this reason that KOI8 text, fifty-fifty Russian, remains partially readable after stripping the 8th bit, which was considered as a major reward in the historic period of 8BITMIME-unaware email systems. For example, words " Школа русского языка " shkola russkogo yazyka , encoded in KOI8 and so passed through the high bit stripping process, cease upwardly rendered as "[KOLA RUSSKOGO qZYKA". Eventually KOI8 gained different flavors for Russian and Bulgarian (KOI8-R), Ukrainian (KOI8-U), Belarusian (KOI8-RU) and even Tajik (KOI8-T).

Meanwhile, in the West, Code page 866 supported Ukrainian and Byelorussian as well as Russian/Bulgarian in MS-DOS. For Microsoft Windows, Code Page 1251 added support for Serbian and other Slavic variants of Cyrillic.

Well-nigh recently, the Unicode encoding includes code points for practically all the characters of all the globe's languages, including all Cyrillic characters.

Earlier Unicode, it was necessary to match text encoding with a font using the aforementioned encoding system. Failure to practise this produced unreadable gibberish whose specific appearance varied depending on the verbal combination of text encoding and font encoding. For example, attempting to view non-Unicode Cyrillic text using a font that is limited to the Latin alphabet, or using the default ("Western") encoding, typically results in text that consists almost entirely of vowels with diacritical marks. (KOI8 " Библиотека " ( biblioteka , library) becomes "âÉÂÌÉÏÔÅËÁ".) Using Windows codepage 1251 to view text in KOI8 or vice versa results in garbled text that consists mostly of capital letters (KOI8 and codepage 1251 share the aforementioned ASCII region, but KOI8 has capital letters in the region where codepage 1251 has lowercase, and vice versa). In full general, Cyrillic gibberish is symptomatic of using the wrong Cyrillic font. During the early on years of the Russian sector of the Www, both KOI8 and codepage 1251 were mutual. Every bit of 2017, one can still see HTML pages in codepage 1251 and, rarely, KOI8 encodings, equally well as Unicode. (An estimated i.vii% of all spider web pages worldwide – all languages included – are encoded in codepage 1251.[7]) Though the HTML standard includes the ability to specify the encoding for any given spider web folio in its source,[8] this is sometimes neglected, forcing the user to switch encodings in the browser manually.

In Bulgarian, mojibake is often chosen majmunica ( маймуница ), meaning "monkey's [alphabet]". In Serbian, it is called đubre ( ђубре ), meaning "trash". Unlike the former USSR, S Slavs never used something like KOI8, and Lawmaking Page 1251 was the dominant Cyrillic encoding there before Unicode. Therefore, these languages experienced fewer encoding incompatibility troubles than Russian. In the 1980s, Bulgarian computers used their own MIK encoding, which is superficially similar to (although incompatible with) CP866.

Example
Russian example: Кракозябры ( krakozyabry , garbage characters)
File encoding Setting in browser Consequence
MS-DOS 855 ISO 8859-i Æá ÆÖóÞ¢áñ
KOI8-R ISO 8859-1 ëÒÁËÏÚÑÂÒÙ
UTF-8 KOI8-R п я─п╟п╨п╬п╥я▐п╠я─я▀

Yugoslav languages [edit]

Croatian, Bosnian, Serbian (the dialects of the Yugoslav Serbo-Croation language) and Slovenian add together to the basic Latin alphabet the letters š, đ, č, ć, ž, and their capital counterparts Š, Đ, Č, Ć, Ž (but č/Č, š/Š and ž/Ž in Slovenian; officially, although others are used when needed, mostly in strange names, every bit well). All of these letters are defined in Latin-2 and Windows-1250, while but some (š, Š, ž, Ž, Đ) exist in the usual Bone-default Windows-1252, and are in that location because of some other languages.

Although Mojibake can occur with any of these characters, the messages that are not included in Windows-1252 are much more prone to errors. Thus, even nowadays, "šđčćž ŠĐČĆŽ" is frequently displayed every bit "šðèæž ŠÐÈÆŽ", although ð, è, æ, È, Æ are never used in Slavic languages.

When confined to basic ASCII (most user names, for example), mutual replacements are: š→south, đ→dj, č→c, ć→c, ž→z (capital forms analogously, with Đ→Dj or Đ→DJ depending on give-and-take case). All of these replacements introduce ambiguities, so reconstructing the original from such a form is commonly washed manually if required.

The Windows-1252 encoding is important because the English language versions of the Windows operating organisation are most widespread, not localized ones.[ citation needed ] The reasons for this include a relatively small and fragmented market, increasing the price of high quality localization, a loftier degree of software piracy (in plow caused past loftier toll of software compared to income), which discourages localization efforts, and people preferring English versions of Windows and other software.[ citation needed ]

The drive to differentiate Croatian from Serbian, Bosnian from Croatian and Serbian, and at present even Montenegrin from the other three creates many problems. There are many different localizations, using different standards and of different quality. There are no common translations for the vast amount of computer terminology originating in English. In the end, people use adopted English words ("kompjuter" for "figurer", "kompajlirati" for "compile," etc.), and if they are unaccustomed to the translated terms may not empathize what some selection in a menu is supposed to do based on the translated phrase. Therefore, people who empathize English, too as those who are accustomed to English terminology (who are most, because English language terminology is as well mostly taught in schools considering of these problems) regularly choose the original English versions of not-specialist software.

When Cyrillic script is used (for Macedonian and partially Serbian), the problem is similar to other Cyrillic-based scripts.

Newer versions of English Windows allow the code page to be inverse (older versions crave special English versions with this support), but this setting can be and oftentimes was incorrectly set. For instance, Windows 98 and Windows Me can be gear up to virtually non-right-to-left single-byte code pages including 1250, but only at install time.

Caucasian languages [edit]

The writing systems of certain languages of the Caucasus region, including the scripts of Georgian and Armenian, may produce mojibake. This problem is especially astute in the case of ArmSCII or ARMSCII, a set of obsolete grapheme encodings for the Armenian alphabet which have been superseded by Unicode standards. ArmSCII is non widely used because of a lack of back up in the computer industry. For example, Microsoft Windows does not support it.

Asian encodings [edit]

Another type of mojibake occurs when text is erroneously parsed in a multi-byte encoding, such every bit ane of the encodings for Due east Asian languages. With this kind of mojibake more 1 (typically two) characters are corrupted at once, due east.yard. "k舐lek" ( kärlek ) in Swedish, where " är " is parsed every bit "舐". Compared to the above mojibake, this is harder to read, since messages unrelated to the problematic å, ä or ö are missing, and is peculiarly problematic for brusque words starting with å, ä or ö such as "än" (which becomes "舅"). Since two letters are combined, the mojibake too seems more random (over fifty variants compared to the normal three, non counting the rarer capitals). In some rare cases, an entire text cord which happens to include a pattern of particular discussion lengths, such as the judgement "Bush-league hid the facts", may be misinterpreted.

Japanese [edit]

In Japanese, the phenomenon is, equally mentioned, called mojibake ( 文字化け ). Information technology is a detail problem in Japan due to the numerous unlike encodings that be for Japanese text. Alongside Unicode encodings similar UTF-8 and UTF-16, there are other standard encodings, such as Shift-JIS (Windows machines) and EUC-JP (UNIX systems). Mojibake, also as beingness encountered by Japanese users, is also ofttimes encountered by non-Japanese when attempting to run software written for the Japanese marketplace.

Chinese [edit]

In Chinese, the same phenomenon is chosen Luàn mǎ (Pinyin, Simplified Chinese 乱码 , Traditional Chinese 亂碼 , meaning 'chaotic code'), and tin can occur when computerised text is encoded in i Chinese grapheme encoding but is displayed using the wrong encoding. When this occurs, information technology is frequently possible to fix the result by switching the character encoding without loss of data. The situation is complicated considering of the being of several Chinese character encoding systems in use, the most common ones being: Unicode, Big5, and Guobiao (with several backward compatible versions), and the possibility of Chinese characters being encoded using Japanese encoding.

It is easy to identify the original encoding when luanma occurs in Guobiao encodings:

Original encoding Viewed as Upshot Original text Note
Big5 GB ?T瓣в变巨肚 三國志曹操傳 Garbled Chinese characters with no hint of original meaning. The ruby-red character is not a valid codepoint in GB2312.
Shift-JIS GB 暥帤壔偗僥僗僩 文字化けテスト Kana is displayed as characters with the radical 亻, while kanji are other characters. Almost of them are extremely uncommon and non in practical use in modern Chinese.
EUC-KR GB 叼力捞钙胶 抛农聪墨 디제이맥스 테크니카 Random common Simplified Chinese characters which in almost cases make no sense. Easily identifiable considering of spaces betwixt every several characters.

An additional problem is caused when encodings are missing characters, which is common with rare or antiquated characters that are still used in personal or place names. Examples of this are Taiwanese politicians Wang Chien-shien (Chinese: 王建煊; pinyin: Wáng Jiànxuān )'s "煊", Yu Shyi-kun (simplified Chinese: 游锡堃; traditional Chinese: 游錫堃; pinyin: Yóu Xíkūn )'due south "堃" and singer David Tao (Chinese: 陶喆; pinyin: Táo Zhé )'s "喆" missing in Big5, ex-PRC Premier Zhu Rongji (Chinese: 朱镕基; pinyin: Zhū Róngjī )'s "镕" missing in GB2312, copyright symbol "©" missing in GBK.[nine]

Newspapers take dealt with this problem in various means, including using software to combine two existing, like characters; using a movie of the personality; or simply substituting a homophone for the rare grapheme in the promise that the reader would be able to make the correct inference.

Indic text [edit]

A similar upshot tin can occur in Brahmic or Indic scripts of Southern asia, used in such Indo-Aryan or Indic languages as Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), Bengali, Panjabi, Marä thi, and others, even if the graphic symbol set employed is properly recognized by the awarding. This is because, in many Indic scripts, the rules by which individual letter symbols combine to create symbols for syllables may not be properly understood by a reckoner missing the advisable software, fifty-fifty if the glyphs for the private letter forms are available.

One example of this is the old Wikipedia logo, which attempts to show the character analogous to "wi" (the first syllable of "Wikipedia") on each of many puzzle pieces. The puzzle slice meant to bear the Devanagari graphic symbol for "wi" instead used to display the "wa" character followed by an unpaired "i" modifier vowel, hands recognizable as mojibake generated by a estimator non configured to brandish Indic text.[10] The logo equally redesigned equally of May 2010[ref] has fixed these errors.

The idea of Plain Text requires the operating system to provide a font to display Unicode codes. This font is different from Os to Os for Singhala and it makes orthographically incorrect glyphs for some letters (syllables) beyond all operating systems. For instance, the 'reph', the curt form for 'r' is a diacritic that normally goes on pinnacle of a evidently alphabetic character. However, it is wrong to become on top of some letters like 'ya' or 'la' in specific contexts. For Sanskritic words or names inherited by modern languages, such as कार्य, IAST: kārya, or आर्या, IAST: āryā, information technology is apt to put it on acme of these messages. By contrast, for similar sounds in modern languages which outcome from their specific rules, information technology is not put on top, such equally the word करणाऱ्या, IAST: karaṇāryā, a stalk form of the common word करणारा/री, IAST: karaṇārā/rī, in the Marathi language.[11] Merely it happens in most operating systems. This appears to exist a mistake of internal programming of the fonts. In Mac OS and iOS, the muurdhaja l (nighttime l) and 'u' combination and its long form both yield incorrect shapes.[ citation needed ]

Some Indic and Indic-derived scripts, most notably Lao, were non officially supported by Windows XP until the release of Vista.[12] Even so, various sites take made complimentary-to-download fonts.

Burmese [edit]

Due to Western sanctions[13] and the belatedly arrival of Burmese linguistic communication support in computers,[14] [15] much of the early Burmese localization was homegrown without international cooperation. The prevailing means of Burmese support is via the Zawgyi font, a font that was created equally a Unicode font but was in fact only partially Unicode compliant.[15] In the Zawgyi font, some codepoints for Burmese script were implemented equally specified in Unicode, but others were not.[16] The Unicode Consortium refers to this equally ad hoc font encodings.[17] With the advent of mobile phones, mobile vendors such as Samsung and Huawei just replaced the Unicode compliant organisation fonts with Zawgyi versions.[14]

Due to these advertizement hoc encodings, communications between users of Zawgyi and Unicode would render as garbled text. To go effectually this issue, content producers would brand posts in both Zawgyi and Unicode.[18] Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.[13] The full transition is estimated to take two years.[19]

African languages [edit]

In certain writing systems of Africa, unencoded text is unreadable. Texts that may produce mojibake include those from the Horn of Africa such as the Ge'ez script in Ethiopia and Eritrea, used for Amharic, Tigre, and other languages, and the Somali language, which employs the Osmanya alphabet. In Southern Africa, the Mwangwego alphabet is used to write languages of Malawi and the Mandombe alphabet was created for the Democratic Republic of the congo, merely these are not more often than not supported. Diverse other writing systems native to West Africa present similar problems, such every bit the N'Ko alphabet, used for Manding languages in Guinea, and the Vai syllabary, used in Liberia.

Arabic [edit]

Another affected language is Arabic (see beneath). The text becomes unreadable when the encodings practise non friction match.

Examples [edit]

File encoding Setting in browser Effect
Arabic case: (Universal Declaration of Man Rights)
Browser rendering: الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
UTF-8 Windows-1252 الإعلان العالمى لحقوق الإنسان
KOI8-R О╩©ь╖ы└ь╔ь╧ы└ь╖ы├ ь╖ы└ь╧ь╖ы└ы┘ы┴ ы└ь╜ы┌ы┬ы┌ ь╖ы└ь╔ы├ьЁь╖ы├
ISO 8859-5 яЛПиЇй�иЅиЙй�иЇй� иЇй�иЙиЇй�й�й� й�ий�й�й� иЇй�иЅй�иГиЇй�
CP 866 я╗┐╪з┘Д╪е╪╣┘Д╪з┘Ж ╪з┘Д╪╣╪з┘Д┘Е┘Й ┘Д╪н┘В┘И┘В ╪з┘Д╪е┘Ж╪│╪з┘Ж
ISO 8859-6 ُ؛؟ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ظ�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�ع�ع� ع�ظع�ع�ع� ظ�ع�ظ�ع�ظ�ظ�ع�
ISO 8859-2 اŮ�ŘĽŘšŮ�اŮ� اŮ�ؚاŮ�Ů�Ů� Ů�ŘŮ�Ů�Ů� اŮ�ŘĽŮ�ساŮ�
Windows-1256 Windows-1252 ÇáÅÚáÇä ÇáÚÇáãì áÍÞæÞ ÇáÅäÓÇä

The examples in this article do not have UTF-viii as browser setting, because UTF-8 is hands recognisable, so if a browser supports UTF-eight information technology should recognise it automatically, and not endeavor to translate something else as UTF-8.

Meet as well [edit]

  • Code signal
  • Replacement character
  • Substitute character
  • Newline – The conventions for representing the line break differ between Windows and Unix systems. Though about software supports both conventions (which is trivial), software that must preserve or display the difference (eastward.yard. version command systems and data comparison tools) tin can get substantially more difficult to use if non adhering to i convention.
  • Byte social club marking – The most in-band way to store the encoding together with the data – prepend it. This is past intention invisible to humans using compliant software, merely will by design be perceived equally "garbage characters" to incompliant software (including many interpreters).
  • HTML entities – An encoding of special characters in HTML, more often than not optional, but required for certain characters to escape estimation as markup.

    While failure to apply this transformation is a vulnerability (see cantankerous-site scripting), applying information technology too many times results in garbling of these characters. For example, the quotation mark " becomes ", ", " and and then on.

  • Bush hid the facts

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Male monarch, Ritchie (2012). "Volition unicode soon be the universal code? [The Data]". IEEE Spectrum. 49 (7): threescore. doi:10.1109/MSPEC.2012.6221090.
  2. ^ WINDISCHMANN, Stephan (31 March 2004). "curl -v linux.ars (Internationalization)". Ars Technica . Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  3. ^ "Guidelines for extended attributes". 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2015-02-15 .
  4. ^ "Unicode mailinglist on the Eudora email client". 2001-05-13. Retrieved 2014-xi-01 .
  5. ^ "sms-scam". June 18, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
  6. ^ p. 141, Control + Alt + Delete: A Lexicon of Cyberslang, Jonathon Keats, World Pequot, 2007, ISBN i-59921-039-8.
  7. ^ "Usage of Windows-1251 for websites".
  8. ^ "Declaring character encodings in HTML".
  9. ^ "Red china GBK (XGB)". Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2002-10-01. Conversion map between Code page 936 and Unicode. Need manually selecting GB18030 or GBK in browser to view it correctly.
  10. ^ Cohen, Noam (June 25, 2007). "Some Errors Defy Fixes: A Typo in Wikipedia's Logo Fractures the Sanskrit". The New York Times . Retrieved July 17, 2009.
  11. ^ https://marathi.indiatyping.com/
  12. ^ "Content Moved (Windows)". Msdn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2014-02-05 .
  13. ^ a b "Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital globe". The Nihon Times. 27 September 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Oct. 1 is "U-Day", when Myanmar officially will adopt the new arrangement.... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years agone, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
  14. ^ a b Hotchkiss, Griffin (March 23, 2016). "Battle of the fonts". Frontier Myanmar . Retrieved 24 December 2019. With the release of Windows XP service pack ii, complex scripts were supported, which made it possible for Windows to render a Unicode-compliant Burmese font such every bit Myanmar1 (released in 2005). ... Myazedi, Fleck, and subsequently Zawgyi, circumscribed the rendering problem by adding extra code points that were reserved for Myanmar'southward ethnic languages. Not only does the re-mapping preclude future ethnic language back up, information technology also results in a typing system that tin exist disruptive and inefficient, fifty-fifty for experienced users. ... Huawei and Samsung, the 2 most pop smartphone brands in Myanmar, are motivated only by capturing the largest market share, which ways they support Zawgyi out of the box.
  15. ^ a b Sin, Thant (7 September 2019). "Unified nether one font system as Myanmar prepares to migrate from Zawgyi to Unicode". Rising Voices . Retrieved 24 December 2019. Standard Myanmar Unicode fonts were never mainstreamed dissimilar the private and partially Unicode compliant Zawgyi font. ... Unicode will ameliorate tongue processing
  16. ^ "Why Unicode is Needed". Google Code: Zawgyi Project . Retrieved 31 October 2013.
  17. ^ "Myanmar Scripts and Languages". Frequently Asked Questions. Unicode Consortium. Retrieved 24 December 2019. "UTF-8" technically does non employ to advertizement hoc font encodings such as Zawgyi.
  18. ^ LaGrow, Nick; Pruzan, Miri (September 26, 2019). "Integrating autoconversion: Facebook's path from Zawgyi to Unicode - Facebook Engineering". Facebook Applied science. Facebook. Retrieved 25 December 2019. It makes communication on digital platforms hard, as content written in Unicode appears garbled to Zawgyi users and vice versa. ... In social club to better reach their audiences, content producers in Myanmar often mail service in both Zawgyi and Unicode in a unmarried post, not to mention English language or other languages.
  19. ^ Saw Yi Nanda (21 November 2019). "Myanmar switch to Unicode to accept ii years: app programmer". The Myanmar Times . Retrieved 24 December 2019.

External links [edit]

lewlatme1991.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake